Insight into the enhancement of photovoltaic properties of Ti-doped Copper(I) oxide via: Modified spray pyrolysis technique

For years, the human race has awaited a more convenient, greener, and largely efficient material for energy conversion and electronic applications. Cu₂O thin films produced by spray pyrolysis meet the economic viability and cost requirements, and it is widely assumed that they will lead to the production of functionally viable technologies. The spray pyrolysis method was used to added titanium into copper (I) oxide thin films with a deposition temperature of 200 °C and annealing for 2 h at 200 °C in this study. The Ti-doped Cu₂O's optical, surface morphology, and photovoltaic characteristics have all been thoroughly explored. The best characteristics were obtained at 3% Ti doped Cu₂O. The near-band emission of Ti-doped Cu₂O was moved from 385 nm to 400 nm. The bandgap was reduced from 2.35 to 1.98Ev at 3% Ti doped Cu₂O. As a result, Cu₂O (Ti)-based solar cells' short circuit current density and open circuit voltage were greatly improved. It has been demonstrated that adding Ti to p-CuO/n-Si solar cells enhances their photovoltaic performance.     

Synthesis and Pyrolysis of Fullerenol-stabilized Pt Nanocolloids as a unique Approach to Pt-doped Carbon

An aqueous colloidal dispersion of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized by fullerenol C₆₀(OH)₁₂ (Pt:C₆₀(OH)₁₂) was successfully synthesized via liquid-phase chemical reduction. The subsequent pyrolysis of Pt:C₆₀(OH)₁₂ at different temperatures was conducted to afford Pt-doped carbon with different chemical compositions (Pt:C60ⁿ). X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and Infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy and thermogravimetric measurements revealed that the thus-prepared nanocomposite consists of Pt NPs and high valent Pt-C₆₀(OH)₁₂ complex. One distinct feature of C₆₀(OH)₁₂ matrix as catalyst support is the suppression of size growth of Pt NPs during the pyrolysis up to 300 °C. Electrochemical experiments using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) were performed to find that Pt:C60³⁰⁰ (pyrolyzed at 300 °C) exhibited higher activity than others, that was attributed to the π-extended feature of the as-obtained carbon.     

Direct drug analysis from oral fluid using medical swab touch spray mass spectrometry

Fourteen common drugs of abuse were identified in spiked oral fluid (ng mL⁻¹ levels), analyzed directly from medical swabs using touch spray mass spectrometry (TS-MS), exemplifying a rapid test for drug detection. Multiple stages of mass analysis (MS² and MS³) provided identification and detection limits sought by international forensic and toxicological societies, Δ⁹-THC and buprenorphine excluded. The measurements were made using a medical swab as both the sampling probe and means of ionization. The adaptation of medical swabs for TS-MS analysis allows non-invasive and direct sampling of neat oral fluid. Data acquisition was rapid, seconds per drug, and MS³ ensured reliable identification of illicit drugs. The reported data were acquired to investigate (i) ionization of common drugs from commercial swabs, (ii) ion intensity over spray duration, and (iii) dynamic range, all as initial steps in development of a quantitative method. The approach outlined is intended for point-of-care drug testing using oral fluid in clinical applications as well as in situ settings, viz. in forensic applications. The proof-of-concept results presented will require extension to other controlled substances and refinement in analytical procedures to meet clinical/legal requirements.     

五彩湾煤镜质组与惰质组在热解中的相互作用

以五彩湾煤镜质组、惰质组为研究对象,建立两种不同的体系,镜质组与惰质组无相互作用体系(A)和相互作用体系(B)。利用热重技术(TG)和傅里叶变换红外技术(FT-IR),将两体系的热解固体产物进行红外分析。结果表明,在300~450℃,体系B的脂肪氢含量高于体系A,表明镜质组与惰质组之间发生了烷基自由基转移反应,芳氢的含量也是体系B多于体系A,这说明镜质组与惰质组之间同时发生了芳构化作用,随温度升高,镜质组生成少量氢自由基与惰质组发生侧链取代反应;在500~700℃,体系B的脂肪氢含量和芳氢含量均低于体系A,表明此时镜质组与惰质组之间发生缩聚反应及缩合反应;750~800℃时,脂肪氢和芳香氢含量均为体系B大于体系A,说明体系B中,镜质组产生较多的氢自由基与惰质组大分子芳香结构发生氢化反应,同时与惰质组发生侧链取代反应;850~900℃时,镜质组与惰质组之间进一步发生多环芳香缩合反应。     

生物质热解制备木醋液及其性质研究

对杉木屑、棉杆、竹屑三种生物质热解制得的木醋液产率、基本理化性质及其有机成分进行了分析研究。结果表明,三种生物质原料在350℃下热解制得的粗木醋液、精制木醋液产率相差不大,相同条件下氯化钾浸渍处理后的杉木屑热解所得的粗木醋液、精制木醋液的产率有所降低。三种原料制得的精制木醋液的理化性质不同,杉木屑木醋液的pH值最小,密度最大,竹屑和棉杆木醋液的有机酸含量相对较高。采用GC-MS对精制木醋液中的有机成分进行了分析,结果表明,杉木屑木醋液中的主要组分为酸类、酚类和酮类化合物,棉杆和竹屑木醋液中的主要组分除这三类有机物质外,还含有相对含量较高的醇类化合物。酸类和酚类化合物在三种木醋液中的相对含量依次是竹屑 >棉杆 >木屑;酮类的相对含量依次是木屑 >棉杆 >竹屑。氯化钾处理后的木屑热解所得的木醋液中主要组分酚类和酮类化合物的相对含量有所降低,酸类化合物的相对含量增加,主要表现为乙酸相对含量的增加。与杉木屑木醋液相比,KCl处理后的杉木屑木醋液中的醇类化合物相对含量增加了1倍左右。     

东胜长焰煤热解含氧官能团结构演化的13C-NMR和FT-IR分析

以东胜煤田色拉一号井田2号煤层长焰煤为研究对象,利用浮沉离心法富集其镜质组。基于工业分析、元素分析、¹³C-NMR、FT-IR、谱图分峰拟合技术和化学分析测试,求取镜煤及一系列热解煤含氧官能团结构与含量参数,从不同角度研究了含氧官能团的分布规律与演化特点。镜煤中羧基、羰基含量分别为8.91~10.90 mol/kg、1.61~1.79 mol/kg,随热解温度升高羧基显著减少。热解作用促使以端基形式连接在脂肪链或脂肪环结构氧上的甲基和亚甲基首先脱去,且在温度高于350 ℃后基本稳定。氧在热解过程赋存状态的变化是芳香体系与脂肪体系相互竞争的结果,510 ℃热解煤中芳香类氧和脂肪类氧的含量分别为7.49、3.45 mol/kg。羟基的演化过程与热解过程中氧的赋存状态密切相关。随着热解过程的进行,在热解温度低于440 ℃时,各种羟基含量均减少,热解过程对于大分子网络的破坏干扰了各种氢键作用,而羟基π作用则暂时增强,至510 ℃时各种氢键含量均降为最低。东胜长焰煤中含氧官能团化学活性顺序为:[COOH]>[R-O]>[Ar-O-Ar,Ar-O-C,C-O-C]>[C=O]。镜煤非活性醚键含量为0.68 mol/kg,活性醚键为0.48 mol/kg,主要为非活性醚键。     

吡喃木糖和O-乙酰基吡喃木糖热解形成羟基乙醛的机理研究

以半纤维素主要成分木聚糖的两种单体--吡喃木糖和O-乙酰基吡喃木糖为模型化合物,运用密度泛函理论(DFT),采用B3LYP方法和6-31+G(d,p)基组进行计算,研究了吡喃木糖热解形成HAA的6条可能的反应路径和O-乙酰基吡喃木糖热解形成HAA的3条可能的反应路径。由此确定了吡喃木糖热解形成HAA的最优路径为:吡喃木糖首先开环得到链式木糖,然后C3羟基和C2氢脱水,随后经重排和逆醇醛缩合反应生成包含C4/C5的HAA;该路径的决速步骤为脱水反应,能垒为253.3 kJ/mol。O-乙酰基吡喃木糖热解形成HAA的最优路径为:O-乙酰基吡喃木糖首先支链断裂脱出乙酸(AA),开环后的链式中间体经氢转移反应得到包含C4/C5的HAA;该路径的决速步骤为最后的氢转移反应,能垒为317.6 kJ/mol。     

裂解-气相/质谱法分析木屑物证

木屑是一种在各种案件现场中出现几率较高的微量物证,但由于其化学组成复杂、难溶,高分子组分之间的差异不显著,所以一直未建立有效的鉴定方法.采用裂解-气相/质谱技术(PY-GC/MS)对不同树种木屑难溶物进行分析,结果发现:不同树种木屑难溶物的总离子流图特征相似,即每种木屑难溶物的总离子流图中都有一组特征峰.但个别组分有差异.     

Preparation and thermal characterization of poly(2‐vinylpyridine) copolymers coordinated to Cr nanoparticles

In this study, polystyrene‐block‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine), PS‐b‐P2VP, polyisoprene‐block‐poly(2‐vinylpyridne), PI‐b‐P2VP and poly(methyl metacrylate)‐block‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine), PMMA‐b‐P2VP, coordinated to Cr metal were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared, transmission electron microscopy and direct pyrolysis mass spectrometry techniques. Both thermal degradation mechanism and thermal stability of P2VP blocks were affected by the coordination of Cr nanoparticles to nitrogen of pyridine rings. Thermal decomposition of P2VP blocks was started by loss of pyridine units leaving an unsaturated and/or crosslinked polymer backbone that degraded at relatively high temperatures. Incorporation of Cr metal did not noticeably influence thermal behavior of PS and PI blocks. However, increase in thermal stability of PMMA block was detected and associated with inhibition of the interactions between carbonyl groups of MMA chains with nitrogen atom of pyridine ring as a consequence of coordination to metal. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

探求高效裂解生产乙烯的新途径

乙烯是裂解反应过程中的中间产物，其收率随反应时间变化．在最佳反应时间，收率最高．裂解反应温度愈高，峰值收率愈高，最佳反应时间则愈短．当前通用的竖管裂解炉难以满足大幅度提高乙烯收率并降低生产成本的要求．评述了几种激波加热方法的优缺点．简要描述了我们目前正在研究中的反向射流混合加热方法．